Antioxidant capacity is a critical component of stress tolerance because in a range of organisms, including corals, stressors such as high water temperature, poor water quality and even pathogen infection, produce an increase in damaging, highly reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals) inside the tissues.

The ability to tolerate environmental stress varies between individuals, so the team associated with the Australian Institute of Marine Science set out to find the most stress-tolerant of the common reef-building coral Acropora millepora.

After combing through more than 2,000 articles and conducting a systematic review of the evidence for the use of heat or ice in the treatment of cnidarian envenomations, the team concluded that the majority of studies to date support the use of hot-water immersion for pain relief and improved health outcomes.

In the last 18 years, the SAA and the British Underwater Sports Association (BUSA) have been working together in partnership for the benefit of the sport. Recently changes in rules and expectations in CMAS have required a more formal recognition of this partnership.

In the UK the SAA represents CMAS - the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques.

Therefore, BUSA will through mutual agreement conclude their role to represent Underwater Sport in the UK and this will be continued by the SAA with formal affiliation agreements to each of the underwater sports.